What is Proprioception?

Everyone learns in school about the five senses: vision (sight), audition (sound), olfaction (smell), taction (touch), and gustation (taste). These senses are responsible for our interaction with the external world. Additionally, we have several senses that are responsible for our internal functioning. One of the most important internal senses is called proprioception, or position sense. Proprioception affects our lives every moment of every day, and allows us to accomplish complex tasks that would otherwise be impossible. The sense is so fundamental to our functioning that we take its existence for granted.

Proprioception allows humans to control their limbs without directly looking at them. Take, for example, the complex task of driving. We are able to keep our eyes on the road and simultaneously adjust our arms and hands on the steering wheel, and apply the appropriate amount of pressure to the pedals to maintain speed. Talented drivers can also change the radio station, eat small meals, reach for something in the rear seat, or any host of other tasks while maintaining eye contact with the road ahead. If humans had to observe their limbs to successfully accomplish tasks, we would have to look down at our feet every time we wanted to change from gas to brake, or stare at our arms if we wanted to make a right turn. The distraction would make driving nearly impossible.

Human beings do not have a single organ for proprioception. Instead, the sense is processed by the entire nervous system as a whole. Inside every muscle and joint lie tiny meters called muscle spindles and Golgi tendons that constantly measure the amount of tension and degree of contraction. This information travels up a discreet highway in the spinal cord called the spinocerebellar tract, and makes its way to the cerebellum. The cerebellum accepts information from every muscle and joint in the body, and calculates where the limbs must be in space. The system is not perfect, but gives a rough estimate to allow for basic task completion. We can use our vision to confirm limb position for more technically demanding tasks.

Like most physiological processes, proprioception can be improved with challenging practice, and can also be impaired by disease or disuse. A concert pianist can play incredibly complex music with their eyes closed because they have trained the proprioceptive sense of their fingers to be precise enough for the task. If that same concert pianist tried to play a piece they have never seen before, they would have to look at their hands to master a complicated section.

By contrast, patients who suffer from stroke often have difficulty with balance and coordination during their recovery. Proprioception is also impaired by diseases or injuries affecting the musculoskeletal system, like an ankle sprain or diabetic neuropathy. Patients suffering from these types of conditions are predisposed to falls and repeat injuries, which compounds problems. For this reason, physical therapists can work with patients on proprioceptive training to help gain a stronger position sense.

Training usually consists of working on uneven or irregular surfaces, and balancing on affected joints with a blindfold to remove visual confirmation. Although these exercises are demanding, patients can usually see functional benefits within a few weeks. For any readers who have had previous impairments to their proprioception, comments below regarding any of these questions would be much appreciated:

How did you notice that your proprioception was impaired?

What kinds of therapies have you tried to improve your proprioception?

What impact has a lack of proprioception had on your daily life?

References

Victor, M, Ropper, A et al. Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional: 2000, Chapter 9. ISBN: 0070674973