Neuroscience & Neurology

God And Religion: Is It All In Our Heads?

June 15, 2008 | By Jennifer Gibson, PharmD | Bookmark and Share | 14 Comments

Neuroscience and Neurology CategoryScience will never be able to prove or disprove the existence of God or any higher power. Isn’t this the cornerstone of faith, after all: a belief that needs no proof? Or perhaps, maybe the proof has been in our brains the whole time.

Our perceptions, emotions, and reactions to the world around us begin at birth, and shape our attitudes and interactions throughout our life. Through these beliefs, we learn who to trust, what to expect, and how to cope. The formation of beliefs involves the complex interplay of various areas of the brain. Though the exact mechanisms cannot be clearly defined, scientists know that the formation of beliefs involves physiologic changes in the brain. Studies have shown changes in activity in primitive areas of the brain at varying levels of belief and disbelief, and religious beliefs are no exception.

GodlyHow else do we experience God, if not through our brain? Our brain processes every experience we encounter — sensory, somatic, emotional, and metaphysical. The brain must process and interpret our experiences through our beliefs, emotions, and previous encounters, and through the brain’s physical and chemical structure and function. Increased activity in the front portion of the brain has been seen in Tibetan Buddhist monks performing meditation and nuns participating in prayer. However, this portion of the brain also shows increased activity during tasks that require intense focus or attention. While this finding may seem a less than substantial argument for the scientific basis of religion, it is interesting to note that changes in brain activity at baseline were seen in these subjects, even when not involved in focused religious activities. Have their brains been changed from the spiritual practice and beliefs or were their brains more susceptible to having powerful religious experiences from the beginning?

The temporal lobes are known to be involved in religious and spiritual experiences; the amygdala and hippocampus are involved in religious visions and emotions. This calls to mind the connection between brain disorders and supernatural experiences that has been observed for more than a century. For example, patients who experience epileptic seizures, particularly in temporal lobe epilepsy, report experiencing religious premonitions, auras, or encounters in the period surrounding a seizure. Do these findings prove a neuronal mechanism for religious experiences?

The brain seems predisposed to a belief in all things spiritual. Scientists have been able to induce religious experiences and sensations in people by applying a weak magnetic field over the temporal lobes and by injecting subjects with hallucinogens. Further, religion is a heritable trait. Twin studies show that religious intensity is, at least in part, linked to genetics. Can we achieve the same effects from religious practices as we can from drugs? Is the brain just hardwired for religion no matter what our experiences or background?

Religious beliefs, experiences, and practices and the role they play in our lives are not simply defined. They exist from a complex interaction of culture, upbringing, and emotional experiences. And science. Throughout human history, we have been seeking definitions, structure, clarity, and peace. We find all this in religion. Is religion just a byproduct of evolution that enables us to cope with life’s struggles or was the brain intelligently designed by a creator to appreciate the world in all its spiritual wonder?

References

DEVINSKY, O., LAI, G. (2008). Spirituality and Religion in Epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 12(4), 636-643. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.011

Harris, S., Sheth, S.A., Cohen, M.S. (2008). Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty. Annals of Neurology, 63(2), 141-147. DOI: 10.1002/ana.21301

Hill, D.R., Persinger, M.A. (2003). Application of transcerebral, weak (1 micro T) complex magnetic fields and mystical experiences: are they generated by field-induced dimethyltryptamine release from the pineal organ? Percept Motor Skills, 97(3 Pt 2), 1049-1050.

Koenig, L.B., McGue, M., Iacono, W.G. (2008). Stability and change in religiousness during emerging adulthood. Dev Psychol, 44(2), 532-543.

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14 Comments

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Alfredo Louro
June 15, 2008 | Permalink

Buddhism is not a theistic religion, and meditation does not involve faith in anything. So that’s a bad example.

Vamsi
June 15, 2008 | Permalink

Hi,

Thanks for visiting my site.

Based on my readings of Bhagawad Gita and elsewhere, essentially all living beings are souls in a living body.

Humans have their souls in spinal cord, and the degree of their realization of the supreme soul, lord Krishna, aided by their brains through analysis, logic, understanding eternal truth, determines how intelligent they are.

I guess the more intelligent a person is, more developed his brain will be!

Ted Lemon
June 15, 2008 | Permalink

If the cornerstone of Christianity is faith, why did Jesus do all that talking? Why not just say “look, see my miracles? Have faith in me!” The idea that it is the fact that the existence of God can’t be proven that is what is important about Christianity is nonsense. The idea that if you could prove the existence of God, religion would no longer have any point, is nonsense.

The point of faith is to get you to do what the religion tells you to do to get to whatever result it promises. So in the case of Christianity, it’s to get you to follow the teachings of Jesus, and in the case of Judaism, to keep the mitzvot. If you find proof that God exists, would that stop you from following the teachings, or from keeping the mitzvot? No, just the opposite. So the unprovability of the existence of God is not essential to the practice of these theistic religions.

I mention this because I see various athiest web sites repeating this error with great regularity, perhaps stemming from Douglas Adam’s famous proof of the nonexistence of God. It was funny, but it wasn’t correct. We would hope to see better from the reality-based community.

(Disclosure: I’m a Buddhist, and we don’t consider the idea of an all-powerful creator God useful, so we neither assert nor deny the existence of such a being.)

Jerry Hillyer
June 15, 2008 | Permalink

You stopped by my blog and left your link asking me to comment on your post.

I have nothing to say about what you have written. It is dismissive and, it seems to me, not in complete understanding of, at minimum, historical Christian faith.

jerry

Soojin
June 15, 2008 | Permalink

Hello, thanks for visiting my site as well.

This article seems to be a great add-up to what I wrote, that all religions are based on instinctive faith.

However I do believe praying nuns and meditating monks have similarity; they both cling on something abstract desperately that wouldn’t necessarily feed them. To me, both seem to have same motives - the brain told them to.

To me, religion is just a remnant of a method that was used since ancient times used to justify rights and unify people. It’s sad because today many people who developed different ways of expecting, coping, and trust are not prone to getting along with each other.

soojin

Evan
June 15, 2008 | Permalink

We experience our clothes through our brain - does this mean they don’t exist or are just a belief?

Many diseases have a genetic component - does this mean they aren’t real.

The untangling of ‘perception’ and ‘reality’ is tricky. I think one way forward is to realise that perception is structured.

Lycosid
June 16, 2008 | Permalink

Science will never be able to prove or disprove the existence of God or any higher power. Isn’t this the cornerstone of faith, after all: a belief that needs no proof? Or perhaps, maybe the proof has been in our brains the whole time.

Science doesn’t prove or disprove anything. It is a probability game. Instead of proves, say “Evidence supports” or “suggests.”

The article you refer to shows only that the transcendental feeling many associate with religion is caused by a malfunction in the brain. Nothing more, nothing less.

Mojud
June 16, 2008 | Permalink

The Door To Reality Is No-Mind
The kingdom of God has been preached as if it is always somewhere
else: in time, in space, but always somewhere else — not here and now.
Why has this happened? Why is the kingdom of God not here and now? Why
in the future, or why somewhere else?
It is because of…

Continue reading this entry

abb3w
June 16, 2008 | Permalink

The author’s prime mistake is in the first sentence: a misunderstanding of “proof”. Logic begins with certain unproven and unprovable premises; mathematics takes them, and adds others. Such statements may be considered formally “proven” in an absolute sense. However, the relation of any of these absolute propositions to reality is not itself “provable” from these abstractions.

Science begins by assuming that evidence is related to Reality, and proceeds using the tools of logic and math to determine the nature of reality. Scientific theories are thus not “proven” as absolute truths akin to “2+2=4″; however, the Latin root “probare” also means “to test”, and scientific theories are most certainly “proven” in the sense of “tested”. Hypotheses in science are tested by competing against each other for their conciseness in comprehensively describing the data; those which do best are then referred to as “Theories”. This criterion is valid because it may be proven (in the exact mathematical use) that the champion is most likely to give the correct description of reality. (For details, see the paper “Minimum Description Length Induction, Bayesianism and Kolmogorov Complexity” by Paul Vitanyi and Ming Li.) Thus, the proof of science is not an absolute indication of Truth, but an absolute indication of What Is Most Likely Truth.

The question is, is the evidence in our brains evidence of anything outside it?

Lady Elizabeth
June 16, 2008 | Permalink

I honestly really enjoyed reading your post. I felt a little saddened however by the thought that perhaps this could even be a possibility… yet I see your perspective.

Now, that’s not to say that I would ever dismiss my own believes in God, ever. Fact is fact, and the truth of the matter is that the brain is a powerful thing. And if people in religious faiths tend to be smarter, and stronger, then perhaps it shouldn’t be that difficult to except the fact that maybe the rest of us are being left behind a connection that could really be true in the first place. Hence the “religious experiences.”

You first deemed them to be intelligent, so wouldn’t it almost be a little oxymoronic to turn around and call their beliefs unreal, or even crazy? Now, I know you didn’t say that… but I was thinking that based on the fact that person(s) of religious preferences who actually believe with their whole hearts are possibly allowing themselves to ‘make up’ any religious activity, or be “hallucinating” would simply allow me to assume that they were so (crazy that is).

Thus, I go back to the fact that even if God was not real, I would choose rather to live in ignorance, and believe in Him because He is what actually makes life meaningful, whole, and peaceful… like you said. But somehow, even around my hard-headed nature, I know that He does truly exist.

Not simply based on the teachings, the things that I want, or anything, and everything else… but based on the fact of what I see around me everyday. I’m a pretty open minded person… but look around. And think real hard. “In God We Trust,” on our very own currency. God, or some supreme being is mentioned in almost every religion… why in the world would we choose to trust our “history” books but not stories that we’ve all been passed down from generation to generation? Or genealogy lines? How do you know that someone didn’t play around with all of that? What if all of the teachings we have learned in school were all just some brainwashing tactics? This is why we can’t rely on “proof.” Sometimes it is the heart that we must follow and trust… and when you’ve actually reached the part where it trusts, and follows, then it becomes a part of the mind.

USAPatriot
June 22, 2008 | Permalink

In the absence of proof, the best one can do is state, “I don’t know”. Whether or not one decides to look for that proof is an individual decision. Ultimately if the end result of the quest is to hopefully find oneself in the presence of God, then that quest must be a lifelong one…be it 2 weeks or 50 years.

“The wages of sin is death” - whether one chooses to believe the reality of the statement or believes it’s merely a metaphor, it still tastes of a truism.

God is good but the path to him is not an easy one. Satan is evil and the path to him is deliciously marked and easy to walk. Sadly, humans seem to prefer the path of least resistance. That is why there is a reward for taking the tougher road.

Jane
July 14, 2008 | Permalink

This is actually quite a good article.

I liked the part about religiosity being heritable.

My Father and and brother are both atheists and they grew up in Catholic households

My mother, my sister and I are or were heavily involved with religion.

My mother was a Third Order Franciscan

My sister joined a convent briefly as an adult.

I under went several religious conversions from Catholicism to Wicca and spent years practicing Buddhist and Taoist meditation.

It should be pointed out that the potions of the Prefrontal Cortex that light up are somewhat different for those practicing meditation and those people praying. Prayer and meditaiton use different circuits in the same region of the brain.

People who meditate grow a meditation circuit in the brain over time.

Another thing that was not touched upon is the number of people with mental disorders and religious beliefs. Religiosity is in our brains and so are our mental health issues.

How many stories can one dig up by googling incidences of religious filicide? The sheer number of men and women who killed their children because God told them to or because they believed their children to be possessed is appalling.

In studies of parents that kill or torture their children for religious reasons more than half the men and nearly all the women had psychotic or mood disorders.

Along with increased religiosity all the females in my family suffer or suffered from serious mood disorders especially depression.

My mother and sister continue to remain depressed and highly religious

I became more secular and my depression has been gone for years.

The connection in the brain between mental disorders and religious beliefs, religious experiences should be investigated further.

I tend to agree, it really is a brain thing.

Dr. Naseem Qureshi MD, PhD, Consultant Psychiatrist
August 09, 2008 | Permalink

All what “words” we have today or would have tomorrow are coined by human beings. Ask the person (??) why he/she coined the word “GOD”, “RELIGION”, “BELIEFS”. If persons linking themselves to major five religious denominations stop believing in ‘Beliefs’ and ‘Faith’, all religions will collapse permanently. This time will never come! Because the religious beliefs are most powerful, more powerful than the scientific proofs of an event.

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